REPRESENTATION OF IDEOLOGY IN AL-ALAM’S CHANNEL ABOUT DAESH (ISIS), JABHAT AN-NUSRA, AND AL-JAISH AL-HUR IN SHRIAN CONFLICT BY TEUN A. VAN DIKJ THEORY

THE SUMMARY OF MASTER THESIS

THE REPRESENTATION OF IDEOLOGY IN AL-ALAM CHANNEL ABOUT ISIS, JABHAT AN-NUSRA, AND AL-JAISH AL-HUR IN SHRIAN CONFLICT (CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS STUDY)

This thesis was written by Nure Khun Rikhte H. and was guided by Dr. Ibnu Burdah, M.A. in 2018. Its title is "Representation of Ideology in al-Alam 
Channel about Daesh, Jabhat an-Nusra, and al-Jaish al-Hur in Shrian Conflict (Critical Discourse Analysis Study)" and was researched by Teun A. Van Dijk theory. This thesis is to get Master of Art (M.A.) in the graduate school in The Arabic Language and Literature in The Interdisciplinary Islamic Studies Program at The State Islamic University of Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta.

A.    Research Background

Language as communication media conveys the idea and the message of speaker. This function is used by al-Alam Channel in reporting Daesh, Jabhah an-Nusra, and al-Jaisy al-Hur groups in Syria. Diction and word placement of the militant group in the sentence contain the media message too. This message is different between al-Alam channel and American mainstream or Islamic jihadist mainstream channel. According to reporting about Daesh group in 2012 and 2015, al-Alam uses the word "takfir” and “terrorist” and American mainstream media as like CNN uses “militant” and “terrorist”, but Islamic jihadist mainstream media as like arrahman.co.id. uses “jihadis” or “mujahid” diction. Considering to this news that there are factors causing the different dictions that we are called them by ideology or narrator message. Language cannot be divided from the narrator message formed from social context, as is the language of al-Alam channel cannot be avoided from ideology and social context of al-Alam channel as part of Iranian government. This language-using reality is researched by the writer.

B.   Literature Review

1. Teun A. Van Dijk’s book “News Analysis: Case Studies of International and National News in The Press” is contained with samples of international news research as like Indonesia Times, Daily News, Bangkok Post, Le Monde and, al-Ahram. This book descibes that news categorization in some countries seems from powerful group dictions such as “rich”, “male”, “white” and “education” and controlled group diction as like “poor”, “female”, “black” and “ill-educated”.

2. Wakhid Nugroho’s master degree thesis about “Analisis Wacana Presidential Lecture Oleh B. J. Habibie: Kajian Analisis Wacana Kritis” by Roger Fowler’s approach analyzed that speech of B.J. Habibie is used the passive sentence as like "imported", "poisoned" and "killed". It means that Habibie focuses on the effect of activities more than subject or actor. By Teun A. Van Dijk's theory, he found that his speech structure controls mindset public and their viewpoint as like Gatot Koco airplane is evidence of Indonesian technology development.

3. Rima Malkawi’s master degree thesis “The Ideological Stamp: Translation of political discourse in News Media” compares 3 news media, The Time news, al-Jazeera, and al-Alam. This summery is that their language and ideology are different in Iraq conflict context.

According to all of the researches above, the writer gets chance to research about the ideology of al-Alam channel in reporting Daesh, Jabhat an-Nusra, and al-Jaisy al-Hur by Roger Fowler and Teun A. Van Dijk's approach. This problem has not been researched before.

C. Research Method

Kind of this research is literature research that uses a book, article, video, chat with al-Alam’s secretariat and interview with al-Alam's journalist. Additionally, the first analysis is the language level and the last analysis is social cognition level linked by social-politic Iranian context.

D. Theoretical Framework

1. Ideology

It is an organized mind including value, orientation and tendency completing each other to form a perspective of the idea and this perspective is expressed through communication in technological media or individual. Van Dijk said that ideology is a negative characteristic because the big reality is not presented as is it to the reader, except it is affected by social cognition of journalist. In addition, media having the reader-controlling ability, its means al-Alam channel can control reader coming from anti-American countries after the Iranian revolution. By ideology, this channel unites actions and power of the citizen to create a new identity under the name of al-Adl in encountering colonization and imperialism.

2. Al-Alam channel

It is sponsored by the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran by motto winning reader's trust. Bahestipur said that al-Alam always presents the viewpoint of the Islamic world and balances the news monopoly from west media. Because of al-Alam's ideology is the same as the Iranian government, anti-Israel and anti American, it resists American and Israel intervention in middle east affairs and Islamic countries. Therefore, it extremely reacts to Syrian  conflict until it ends.

3. Roger Fowler’s theory

He reveals that criticizing text does not mean dropping, cornering and rejecting text, but analysis building and extracting information. The goal is to explore the ideology of news media hidden in the macro and the micro structure of sentence. He stresses that object of language is vocabulary function itself like creating classification, limiting viewpoint, doing discoure contestation and marginalizing group, and grammar purpose like transitive-intransitive form, relational model, trans formative structure and syntagmatic form, and the grammar purpose is to reveal the attitude of writer in some information like wishes, belief, invitation, knowledge, and expectations toward reader.

4. Teun A. Van Dijk’s approach

It is multidisciplinary linguistic studies combining text and context, and connecting between cognition product, reception, and social culture dimension. This theory answers the question “how do cognition and social context determine the news structure?” and “how reader understanding and news utilizing are affected by structural news?". He begins the analysis from the social context of a journalist, channel history, and news situation. The next step is social cognition that bridging between discourse and journalist in creating news. Discourse is made with journalist awareness mentality and knowledge about event and reader. In the awareness, there is the element that linked to text such as journalist model or journalist scheming and long-term memorize or short-term memorize.

F. Research Result

Researching in social context level, Al-Alam channel has indirect relation with the Shrian conflict, but the history of economy, social and politic between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Shria motivates Iran to support Shria by forming worldview about Daesh, Jabhah an-Nushra and al-Jaish al-Hur.

Based on news structure, al-Alam calls ISIS by terrorist diction to marginal it from truth fight. The diction placement of "terrorist" in a subject of the sentence describes that this group is the actor of many violent actions in Shria and the goal of placement and diction are to marginalize this group from Islamic face.

By informing about Jabhah an-Nushra, al-Alam calles them the dissension group. The diction of “Muqatil” and “killing” are to reveal that this organization causes insecurity in Shrian. The placement of Jabhah an-Nushra as an object in a sentence is to show that they are the murder or target of America and other Islamic jihadist groups. The purpose of placement and the diction are to marginalize them from the internal Syrian  conflict.

According to al-Alam’s reporting about al-Jaish al-Hur, the diction of “opposition” and “Jaisy al-Hur al-Muwahhid” reveal that they are a non-extreme dangerous group. This diction is a classification that they are internal Shrian rebel group. The placement of diction "Jaisy al-Hur" in the subject of a sentence is to describe that they are active actors in reforming government. Both placement and diction have the goal to exclude them from terrorist groups and to invite public focusing on their activities backed up by American interests.

All of the language structures in al-Alam are built on the basis of Iranian social-politic context. ISIS did many activities such as attacking the tomb of Imam Khomeini in Iran, taking some hostages in Iranian parliament building and bombing Sunni-Shia conference in Iran border of Pakistan. Moreover, information structure about Jabhah an-Nushra and journalist social cognition is based on their experience in` facing conflict in the national border of Iran when they kill between militant groups and damage the public facility. Other than that, al-Jaish al-Hur for al-Alam is Shrian internal opposition, but this group is under American intervention. American existence in historical realities is well-known such as in Afghanistan conflict, Iraq-Iran war, Palestine conflict, and Lebanon conflict. This existence in most of the economy-politic fact, specially in the Shirian war, is revealed by al-Alam to the public.

REPRESENTASI IDEOLOGI CHANNEL AL-ALAM TENTANG ISIS, JAISH AL-HUR DAN JABHAH AN-NUSHRAH DALAM KONFLIK SURIAH: TEORI TEUN VAN DIJK
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